| Homer (9th century B.C.) | Iliad. Odyssey |
| The Old Testament | |
| Aeschylus (c.525-456 B.C.) | Tragedies |
| Sophocles (c.495-406) | Tragedies |
| Herodotus (c.484-425) | The Persian Wars |
| Euripides (c.485-406 B.C.) | Tragedies (Medea, Hippolytus, The Bacchae) |
| Thucydides (c.460-400 B.C.) | History of the Peloponnesian Wars |
| Hippocrates (c.460-377 B.C.) | Medical Writings |
| Aristophanes (c.448-380 B.C.) | Comedies (The Clouds, The Birds, The Frogs) |
| Plato (c.427-347 B.C.) | Dialogues (The Republic, Symposium, Phaedo, Meno, Apology, Phaedrus, Protagoras, Gorgias, Sophist, Theaetetus) |
| Aristotle (384-270 B.C.) | Works (Organum, Physics, Metaphysics, On the Soul, The Nichomachean Ethics, Politics, Rhetoric, Poetics) |
| Epicurus (c.341-270 B.C.) | Letter to Herodotus, Letter to Menoeceus. |
| Euclid (fl. c.300 B.C.) | Elements of Geometry |
| Archimedes (c.287-212 B.C.) | Works (On the Equilibrium of Planes, On Floating Bodies, The Sand-Reckoner) |
| Apollonius of Perga (fl. c.240 B.C.) | On Conic Sections |
| Cicero (106-43 B.C.) | Works (Orations, On Friendship, On Old Age) |
| Lucretius (c.95-55 B.C.) | On the Nature of Things |
| Virgil (70-19 B.C.) | Works |
| Horace (65-8 B.C.) | Works (Odes and Epodes, The Art of Poetry) |
| Livy (59 B.C.-A.D. 17) | History of Rome |
| Ovid (43 B.C. - A.D. 17) | Works (Metamorphoses) |
| Plutarch (c.45-120) | Lives of the Noble Grecians and Romans, Moralia. |
| Tacitus (c. 55-117) | Histories, Annals, Agricola, Germania. |
| Nicomachus of Gerasa (fl. c.100 A.D.) | Introduction to Arithemetic |
| Epictetus (c.60-120) | Discourses, Encheiridion (Handbook) |
| Ptolemy (c.100-178) | Almagest |
| Lucian (c.120-190) | Works (The way to Write History, The True History, The Sale of Creeds) |
| Marcus Aurelius (121-180) | Meditations |
| Galen (c.130-200) | On the Natural Facilities |
| The New Testament | |
| Plotinus (205-270) | The Enneads. |
| St. Augustine (354-430) | Works (On the Teacher, Confessions, The City of God, Christian Doctrine) |
| The Song of Roland (12th century?) | |
| The Nibelungenlied (13th century) | (The Volsunga Saga is the Scandinavian version of the same legend) |
| The Saga of Burnt Njal | |
| St. Thomas Aquinas (c.1226-1274) | Summa Theologica. |
| Dante Alighieri (1265-1321) | Works (The New Life, On Monarchy, The Divine Comedy) |
| Geoffrey Chaucer (c.1340-1400) | Works (Troilus and Criseyde, Canterbury Tales) |
| Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) | Notebooks |
| Niccolo Machiavelli (1469-1527) | The Prince, Discourses on the First Ten Books of Livy. |
| Desiderius Erasmus (c.1469-1536) | The Praise of Folly |
| Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543) | On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres |
| Sir Thomas More (c.1478-1535) | Utopia |
| Martin Luther (1483-1546) | Three Treatises, Table-Talk. |
| Francois Rabelais (c.1495-1553) | Gargantua and Pantagruel |
| John Calvin (1509-1564) | Institutes of the Christian Religion |
| Michel de Montaigne (1533-1592) | Essays |
| William Gilbert (1540-1603) | On the Loadstone and Magnetic Bodies |
| Miguel de Cervantes (1547-1616) | Don Quixote |
| Edmund Spenser c.1552-1599) | Prothalamion, The Faerie Queene. |
| Francis Bacon (1561-1626) | Essays, Advancement of Learning, Novum Organum, New Atlantis. |
| William Shakespeare (1564-1616) | Works |
| Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) | The Starry Messenger, Dialogues Concerning Two New Sciences. |
| Johannes Kepler (1571-1630) | Epitome of Copernican Astronomy, Concerning the Harmonies of the World. |
| William Harvey (1578-1657) | On the Motion of the Heart and Blood in Animals, On the Circulation of the Blood, On the Generation of Animals. |
| Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679) | The Leviathan |
| Rene Descartes (1596-1650) | Rules for the Direction of the Mind, Discourse on Method, Geometry, Meditations on First Philosophy. |
| John Milton (1608-1674) | Works (Minor Poems, Aeropagitica, Paradise Lost, Samson Agonistes) |
| Moliere (1622-1673) | Comedies (The Miser, The School for Wives, The Misanthrope, The Doctor in Spite of Himself, Tartuffe) |
| Blaise Pascal (1623-1662) | The Provincial Letters, Pensees, Scientific Treatises |
| Christian Huygens (1629-1695) | Treatise on Light |
| Benedict de Spinoza (1632-1677) | Ethics |
| John Locke (1632-1704) | Letter Concerning Toleration, Of Civil Government, Essay Concerning Human Understanding, Thoughts Concerning Education. |
| Jean Baptiste Racine (1639-1699) | Tragedies (Andromache, Phaedra) |
| Isaac Newton (1642-1727) | Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy, Optics. |
| Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz (1646-1716) | Discourse on Metaphysics, New Essays Concerning Human Understanding, Monadology. |
| Daniel Defoe (1660-1731) | Robinson Crusoe |
| Jonathan Swift (1667-1745) | A Tale of a Tub, Journal to Stella, Gulliver's Travels, a Modest Proposal. |
| William Congreve (1670-1729) | The Way of the World |
| George Berkeley (1685-1753) | Principles of Human Knowledge |
| Alexander Pope (1688-1744) | Essay on Criticism, Rape of the Lock, Essay on Man |
| Charles de Secondat, Baron de Montesquieu (1689-1755) | Persian Letters, Spirit of Laws |
| Voltaire (1694-1778) | Letters on the English, Candide, Philosophical Dictionary. |
| Henry Fielding (1707-1754) | Joseph Andrews, Tom Jones. |
| Samuel Johnson (1709-1784) | The Vanity of Human Wishes, Dictionary, Rasselas, The Lives of the Poets (Essays on Milton and Pope) |
| David Hume (1711-1776) | Treatise on Human Nature, Essays Moral and Political, An Inquiry Concerning Human Understanding |
| Jean Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778) | On the Origin of Inequality, On Political Economy, Emile, The Social Contract. |
| Laurence Sterne (1713-1790) | Tristam Shandy, A Sentimental Journey Through France and Italy |
| Adam Smith (1723-1790) | The Theory of the Moral Sentiments, Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations. |
| Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) | Critique of Pure Reason, Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysics of Morals, Critique of Practical Reason, The Science of Right, Critique of Judgment, Perpetual Peace |
| Edward Gibbon (1737-1794) | The Decline and fall of the Roman Empire, Autobiography. |
| James Boswell (1740-1795) | Journal (London Journal), Life of Samuel Johnson. |
| Antoine Laurent Lavoisier (1743-1794) | Elements of Chemistry |
| John Jay (1745-1829), James Madison (1751-1836), Alexander Hamilton (1757-1804) | Federalist Papers (Together with the Articles of Confederation, Constitution of the United States, and the Declaration of Independence) |
| Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832) | Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation, Theory of Fictions. |
| Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1749-1832) | Faust. Poetry and Truth. |
| Jean Baptiste Joseph Fourier (1768-1830) | Analytical Theory of Heat |
| Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (1770-1831) | Phenomenology of Spirit, Philosophy of Right, Lectures on the Philosophy of History. |
| William Wordsworth (1770-1850) | Poems (Lyrical Ballads, Lucy Poems, Sonnets, The Prelude) |
| Samuel Taylor Coleridge (1772-1834) | Poems (Kubla Khan), Rime of the Ancient Mariner, Biographia Literaria. |
| Jane Austen (1775-1817) | Pride and Prejudice, Emma. |
| Karl von Clausewitz (1780-1831) | On War |
| Stendahl (1783-1842) | The Red and the Black, The Charterhouse of Parma, On Love. |
| George Gordon, Lord Byron (1788-1824) | Don Juan |
| Arthur Schopenhauer (1788-1860) | Studies in Pessimism |
| Michael Faraday (1791-1867) | Chemical History of a Candle, Experimental Researches in Electricity |
| Charles Lyell (1797-1875) | Principles of Geology |
| Auguste Comte (1798-1857) | The Positive Philosophy |
| Honore de Balzac (1799-1850) | Pere Goriot, Eugenie Grandet. |
| Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803-1882) | Representative Men, Essays, Journal. |
| Nathaniel Hawthorne (1804-1864) | The Scarlet Letter |
| Alexis de Tocqueville (1805-1859) | Democracy in America |
| John Stuart Mill (1806-1873) | A System of Logic, On Liberty, Representative Government, Utilitarianism, The Subjection of Women, Autobiography. |
| Charles Darwin (1809-1882) | The Origin of Species, The Descent of Man, Autobiography. |
| Charles Dickens (1812-1870) | Works (Pickwick Papers, David Copperfield, Hard Times) |
| Claude Bernard (1813-1878) | Introduction to the Study of Experimental Medicine |
| Henry David Thoreau (1817-1862) | Civil Disobedience, Walden. |
| Karl Marx (1818-1883) | Capital (Together with Communist Manifesto) |
| George Eliot (1819-1880) | Adam Bede, Middlemarch. |
| Herman Melville (1819-1881) | Moby Dick, Billy Budd. |
| Fyodor Dostoevsky (1821-1881) | Crime and Punishment, The Idiot, The Brothers Karamazov. |
| Gustave Flaubert (1821-1880) | Madame Bovary, Three Stories. |
| Henrik Ibsen (1828-1906) | Plays (Hedda Gabler, A Doll's House, The Wild Duck) |
| Leo Tolstoy (1828-1910) | War and Peace, Anna Karenina, What is Art? Twenty-Three Tales. |
| Mark Twain (1835-1910) | The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, The Mysterious Stranger. |
| William James (1842-1910) | The Principles of Psychology, The Varieties of Religious Experience, Pragmatism, Essays in Radical Empiricism. |
| Henry James (1843-1916) | The American, The Ambassadors. |
| Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche (1844-1900) | Thus Spoke Zarathustra, Beyond Good and Evil, The Genealogy of Morals, The Will to Power. |
| Jules Henri Poincare (1854-1912) | Science and Hypothesis, Science and Method. |
| Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) | The Interpretation of Dreams, Introductory Lectures on Psychoanalysis, Civilization and Its Discontents, New Introductory Lectures on Psychoanalysis. |
| George Bernard Shaw (1856-1950) | Plays (Man and Superman, Major Barbara, Caesar and Cleopatra, Pygmalion, Saint Joan) Prefaces. |
| Max Planck (1858-1947) | Origin and Development of the Quantum Theory, Where is Science Going? Scientific Autobiography. |
| Henri Bergson (1859-1941) | Time and Free Will, Matter and Memory, Creative Evolution, The Two Sources of Morality and Religion. |
| John Dewey (1859-1952) | How We Think, Democracy and Education, Experience and Nature; Logic, the Theory of Inquiry. |
| Alfred North Whitehead (1861-1947) | An Introduction to Mathematics, Science and the Modern World, The Aims of Education and Other Essays, Adventures of Ideas. |
| George Santayana (1863-1952) | The Life of Reason, Skepticism and Animal Faith, Persons and Places. |
| Nikolai Lenin (1870-1924) | The State and Revolution |
| Marcel Proust (1871-1922) | Remembrance of Things Past |
| Bertrand Russell (1872-1970) | The Problems of Philosophy, The Analysis of Mind, An Inquiry into Meaning and Truth, Human Knowledge; Its Scope and Limits. |
| Thomas Mann (1875-1955) | The Magic Mountain, Joseph and His Brothers |
| Albert Einstein (1879-1955) | The Meaning of Relativity, On the Method of Theoretical Physics, The Evolution of Physics (with L. Infeld) |
| James Joyce (1882-1941) | "The Dead" in Dubliners, Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, Ulysses. |
| Jacques Maritain (1882-1973) | Art and Scholasticism, The Degrees of Knowledge, The Rights of Man and Natural Law, True Humanism. |
| Franz Kafka (1883-1924) | The Trial, The Castle |
| Arnold Toynbee (1889-1975) | A Study of History, Civilization on Trial |
| Jean Paul Sartre (1905-1980) | Nausea, No Exit, Being and Nothingness |
| Aleksandr I. Solzhenitsyn (1918-) | The First Circle, Cancer Ward. |